How to Begin Implement a TORA Protocol in NS3

To begin implementing Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) in NS3 which is a distributed routing protocol that intended for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This key aspect is adjusting to network topology changes including minimal interaction overhead. TORA isn’t directly executed using ns3, but it can be implemented including custom logic or by combining a third-party library.

Below is a step-by-step procedure on how to start executing the TORA in ns3:

Steps to Begin Implement a TORA Protocol in NS3

1. Understand TORA

• Key Features:
  • TORA utilizes a directed acyclic graph (DAG) for routing.
  • It reduces routing overhead for topology modifications.
• Components:
  • Route Creation: It supports to build a DAG to the destination.
  • Route Maintenance: Adapts the DAG if topology changes.
  • Route Erasure: Eliminates invalid paths.

2. Set Up ns3 Environment

1. Install ns3:
   • We should download and install ns3 on the computer.
   • Confirm the installation including a simple example simulation script as  ./waf –run hello-simulator.
2. Include Required Modules:
   • Make sure that all necessary modules such as internet, wifi, mobility, and applications are included.

3. Define the Network Topology

1. Create Nodes:
   • Make a network topology with nodes for the MANET.

NodeContainer nodes;

nodes.Create(10); // 10 nodes in the network

1. Configure Wireless Links:
   • Mimic wireless links to utilize WifiHelper.

WifiHelper wifi;

wifi.SetStandard(WIFI_PHY_STANDARD_80211b);

YansWifiPhyHelper wifiPhy = YansWifiPhyHelper::Default();

YansWifiChannelHelper wifiChannel = YansWifiChannelHelper::Default();

wifiPhy.SetChannel(wifiChannel.Create());

WifiMacHelper wifiMac;

wifiMac.SetType(“ns3::AdhocWifiMac”);

NetDeviceContainer devices = wifi.Install(wifiPhy, wifiMac, nodes);

1. Set Mobility:
   • Integrate mobility patterns for replicating node movement.

MobilityHelper mobility;

mobility.SetPositionAllocator(“ns3::RandomRectanglePositionAllocator”,

“X”, StringValue(“ns3::UniformRandomVariable[Min=0.0|Max=100.0]”),

“Y”, StringValue(“ns3::UniformRandomVariable[Min=0.0|Max=100.0]”));

mobility.SetMobilityModel(“ns3::RandomWaypointMobilityModel”,

“Speed”, StringValue(“ns3::UniformRandomVariable[Min=1.0|Max=20.0]”),

“Pause”, StringValue(“ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=2.0]”));

mobility.Install(nodes);

1. Install Network Stack:
   • Integrate the internet IP address stack to the nodes.

InternetStackHelper internet;

internet.Install(nodes);

4. Implement TORA Protocol Logic

While NS3 doesn’t have direct support for TORA, we can execute their logic. Below is a breakdown:

1. Route Creation:

• Describe a directed acyclic graph (DAG) including the destination like root.
• Allocate the heights to nodes within the DAG to leverage node IDs and timestamps.

2. Route Maintenance:

• Observe the topology modifications such as link failures.
• Recompile the DAG by broadcasting the updated heights toward impacted nodes.

3. Route Erasure:

• Once a route is invalid then broadcast “null” heights to remove it.

4. Custom Implementation:

• Prolong the Ipv4RoutingProtocol for describing TORA-specific behaviors.
• Utilize mechanisms such as RouteInput and RouteOutput to manage the TORA packet forwarding.

5. Install Applications

1. Simulate Traffic:
   • Replicate traffic among the nodes using UDP or TCP applications.

UdpEchoServerHelper echoServer(9);

ApplicationContainer serverApps = echoServer.Install(nodes.Get(9)); // Server at node 9

serverApps.Start(Seconds(1.0));

serverApps.Stop(Seconds(10.0));

UdpEchoClientHelper echoClient(Ipv4Address(“10.1.1.10”), 9);

echoClient.SetAttribute(“MaxPackets”, UintegerValue(10));

echoClient.SetAttribute(“Interval”, TimeValue(Seconds(1.0))); // Send every second

echoClient.SetAttribute(“PacketSize”, UintegerValue(1024));

ApplicationContainer clientApps = echoClient.Install(nodes.Get(0)); // Client at node 0

clientApps.Start(Seconds(2.0));

clientApps.Stop(Seconds(10.0));

1. Monitor Traffic:
   • Examine incoming packets with PacketSink.

PacketSinkHelper sinkHelper(“ns3::UdpSocketFactory”,

InetSocketAddress(Ipv4Address::GetAny(), 9));

ApplicationContainer sinkApps = sinkHelper.Install(nodes.Get(9));

sinkApps.Start(Seconds(1.0));

sinkApps.Stop(Seconds(10.0));

6. Enable Tracing and Logging

1. Enable PCAP Tracing:
   • Seize packet-level insights.

wifiPhy.EnablePcapAll(“tora-protocol”);

1. Enable ASCII Tracing:
   • Record packet and all routing events.

AsciiTraceHelper ascii;

wifiPhy.EnableAsciiAll(ascii.CreateFileStream(“tora-protocol.tr”));

1. FlowMonitor:
   • Estimate the performance parameters utilising FlowMonitor.

FlowMonitorHelper flowmon;

Ptr<FlowMonitor> monitor = flowmon.InstallAll();

7. Run the Simulation

1. Start the Simulation:

Simulator::Run();

Simulator::Destroy();

1. Export Results:
   • We will need to store FlowMonitor data for offline analysis.

monitor->SerializeToXmlFile(“tora-results.xml”, true, true);

8. Analyze and Visualize Results

1. Traffic Analysis:
   • Examine routing behavior and packet delivery with PCAP files.
2. NetAnim Visualization:
   • Transfer the simulation data for envisioning the behaviour of TORA.

AnimationInterface anim(“tora-animation.xml”);

9. Extend and Optimize

1. Dynamic Topology:
   • Replicate frequent link/node failures to experiment the flexibility of TORA.
2. Scalability:
   • Maximize the amount of nodes and then estimate the effectiveness of protocol.
3. Energy Models:
   • Assess TORA within energy-constrained networks.

Example Use Cases

• Disaster Recovery Networks:
  • TORA is well-matched protocol to retrieve disaster for highly dynamic environments.
• Military Networks:
  • For adaptive routing, we can utilize TORA in mobile networks.
• IoT Networks:
  • Mimic TORA for IoT networks like low-power and lossy networks including dynamic topology.

Next Steps

If we need assistance:

1. Custom Implementation:
   • Offers comprehensive instruction on prolonging the Ipv4RoutingProtocol for TORA.
2. Integration:
   • Discover third-party libraries or simulators, which can operate with ns3 for TORA execution.
3. Simulation Enhancements:
   • Integrate in depth simulation parameters, debugging, and real-world scenarios for entire estimation.

We had executed successfully an extensive implementation technique for executing and analysing the TORA Protocol applying by NS3 environment. Let me know if you’d like additional data is needed, we will ready to provide it too.